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ZkC Architecture

ZkC follows a relatively standard compiler organisation with a front-end layer, an intermediate representation layer and, finally, a backend layer:

  • Front End — parses ZkC source files, links cross-file references, type-checks, validates control flow, and emits a fully resolved Abstract Syntax Tree (AST).

  • Intermediate Representation — lowers the AST into a simple register-machine IR, vectorizes the flat instruction stream into VLIW-style bundles, and optionally splits wide registers to fit within the target field's bandwidth.

  • Arithmetization Layer — compiles the vectorized IR into vanishing constraints, range constraints, and lookup arguments that form the final arithmetized circuit.